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Dear Mankind and most favoured of my children

You will recall my earliest blogs ( mother Earth blogs ) welcomed the Global initiative to develop the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) to help create a safer and fairer world and I was happy that mankind had at last understood the need to live more sustainably and harmoniously with other living things on this, our only, home. Some good progress was starting to be being made in some areas but sadly most of this encouraging activity was brought to an abrupt halt or in some cases, even reversed by the COVID 19 Pandemic.

This blog on SDG 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities is the next in a series of updates to review the effects of the COVID 19 Pandemic on the aspirations and targets of each of the original 17 SDGS and to look ahead to the prospects in each sector.

The Pandemic dramatically exposed the many longstanding inequalities and problems in society and in our urban areas. Lack of adequate housing, poor public health systems, inadequate infrastructure ( roads , water and sewage ) inadequate open public spaces and poor public transport all combined to maximise impact on the most vulnerable and poorest in society such as the homeless , migrants and those living in urban slums..

In the past, insufficient thought or provision was given to the needs of the disadvantaged in urban areas but the Pandemic has starkly demonstrated the inadequacies that have to be improved. Research in 610 cities in 95 countries shows that only about 50% of the world urban population lives within 500 m walking distance of low -capacity transit systems ( buses or trams ) and 1000m walking distance of high- capacity transit systems ( ferry or train ). Commuting to work was severely disrupted during the pandemic. City centre offices closed , roads were empty, congested public transport was to be avoided and many now prefer to work at least part of the time from home. With reduced demand for city centre offices , parking spaces etc many councils have taken the opportunity to reduce parking spaces and to apply partial or full street closures to free up space for walking and cycling

This re-imagining of cities is one of the few positive outcomes from the Pandemic. Civic leaders are recognising the importance of and the need for public open spaces , streets and recreational areas and the need to create more facilities for more sustainable transport modes such as walking and cycling. There is also greater awareness for the need to re shape the city centres to re purpose central business districts to be mixed developments that do not rely on or need congested public transport systems. Research in 2020 in 911 cities in 114 countries indicates that the share of global urban area allocated to streets and open public space is only 16%. This needs to be at least 30% for streets and another 10-15% for open public spaces according to UN Habitat if we are to create more liveable cities that reduce risk and improve health and well -being of city residents.

Between 2014 and 2018 the urban population living in slums worldwide increased from 23% to 24% resulting in 1billion slum dwellers and this will continue to increase in future years to reach 2billion urban slum dwellers by 2030. Their needs must be taken into account

Mother Earth
Sources : The Sustainable Development Goals Reports 2019 -2021 , United nations, New York

Dear Mankind and most favoured of my children

You will recall my earliest blogs ( mother Earth blogs ) welcomed the Global initiative to develop the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) to help create a safer and fairer world and I was happy that mankind had at last understood the need to live more sustainably and harmoniously with other living things on this, our only, home. Some good progress was starting to be being made in some areas but sadly most of this encouraging activity was brought to an abrupt halt or in some cases, even reversed by the COVID 19 Pandemic.

This blog on SDG 10 – Reduced Inequalities is the next in a series of updates to review the effects of the COVID 19 Pandemic on the aspirations and targets of each of the original 17 SDGS and to look ahead to the prospects in each sector.

Prior to the Covid pandemic various measures to reduce inequality were slowly moving in the right direction
Income inequality had fallen in some countries
Low -income countries were benefitting from preferential trade status
Transaction costs on remittances were reducing
Most countries had or were developing policies on migration

Despite these advances , inequality remained regarding income, wealth and opportunities and the Pandemic has just exacerbated existing inequalities especially within and between countries. By the end of 2020, the number of refugees who had fled from war -torn countries was 24.5 million which was double what it was in 2010 . The rate /100000 of refugees from north Africa and western Asia trebled between 2010 and 2012 there were also increased refugee movements in Latin America. The Covid related movement restrictions at Borders in 164 countries made it even harder for refugees to cross borders

Although income inequality index for emerging market and developing countries had been falling recently, the Pandemic effects may reverse that trend and increase inequality in those countries. The negative impact on the least developed countries may be even greater.

One aspect that has been an area of success is that the transaction costs of sending remittances has reduced . Sending $200 cost 9.5% in 2011 but this has reduced to 5% in 2020 . However these costs need to continue reducing so that they reach the target average transaction cost of 3% by 2030

The Pandemic has had an unprecedented economic and human toll on Human societies around the world and will continue to have significant negative impacts on inequalities for those in the developing world .

Mother Earth
Sources : The Sustainable Development Goals Reports 2019 -2021 , United nations, New York